The Postwar World After World War II

The Postwar World After World War II The most transformative conflict in history, World War II impacted the entire globe and set the stage for the Cold War. As the war raged, the leaders of the Allies met several times to direct the course of the fighting and to begin planning for the postwar world. With the defeat of Germany and Japan, their plans were put into action. The Atlantic Charter: Laying the Groundwork Planning for the post-World War II world began before the United States even entered the conflict. On August 9, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill first met aboard the cruiser USS Augusta. The meeting took place while the ship was anchored at US Naval Station Argentia (Newfoundland), which had recently been acquired from Britain as part of the Bases for Destroyers Agreement. Meeting over two days, the leaders produced the Atlantic Charter, which called for self-determination of peoples, freedom of the seas, global economic cooperation, disarmament of aggressor nations, reduced trade barriers, and freedom from want and fear. In addition, the United States and Britain stated that they sought no territorial gains from the conflict and called for the defeat of Germany. Announced on August 14, it was soon adopted by the other Allied nations as well as the Soviet Union. The charter was met with suspicion by the Axis powers, who interpreted it as a budding alliance against them. The Arcadia Conference: Europe First Shortly after the US entrance into the war, the two leaders met again in Washington DC. Codenamed the Arcadia Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill held meetings between December 22, 1941, and January 14, 1942. The key decision from this conference was agreement on a Europe First strategy for winning the war. Due to the proximity of many of the Allied nations to Germany, it was felt that the Nazis offered a greater threat. While the majority of resources would be devoted to Europe, the Allies planned on fighting a holding battle with Japan. This decision met with some resistance in the United States as public sentiment favored exacting revenge on the Japanese for the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Arcadia Conference also produced the Declaration by the United Nations. Devised by Roosevelt, the term United Nations became the official name for the Allies. Initially signed by 26 nations, the declaration called for the signatories to uphold the Atlantic Charter, employ all their resources against the Axis, and forbade nations from signing a separate peace with Germany or Japan. The tenets set forth in the declaration became the basis for the modern United Nations, which was created after the war. Wartime Conferences While Churchill and Roosevelt met again in Washington in June 1942 to discuss strategy, it was their January 1943 conference in Casablanca that would affect the wars prosecution. Meeting with Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud, Roosevelt and Churchill recognized the two men as the joint leaders of the Free French. At the end of the conference, the Casablanca Declaration was announced, which called for the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers as well as aid for the Soviets and the invasion of Italy. That summer, Churchill again crossed the Atlantic to confer with Roosevelt. Convening in Quebec, the two set the date of D-Day for May 1944 and drafted the secret Quebec Agreement. This called for a sharing of atomic research and outlined the basis of nuclear nonproliferation between their two nations. In November 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill traveled to Cairo to meet with Chinese leader Chiang Kai-Shek. The first conference to primarily focus on the Pacific war, the meeting resulted in the Allies promising to seek the unconditional surrender of Japan, the return of Japanese-occupied Chinese lands, and Korean independence. The Tehran Conference and the Big Three On November 28, 1943, the two western leaders traveled to Tehran, Iran to meet with Joseph Stalin. The first meeting of the Big Three (United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union), the Tehran Conference was one of only two wartime meetings between the three leaders. Initial conversations saw Roosevelt and Churchill receive Soviet support for their war policies in exchange for backing the communist Partisans in Yugoslavia and allowing Stalin to manipulate the Soviet-Polish border. Subsequent discussions centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe. The meeting confirmed that this attack would come through France rather than through the Mediterranean as Churchill desired. Stalin also promised to declare war on Japan following the defeat of Germany. Before the conference concluded, the Big Three reaffirmed their demand for unconditional surrender and laid out the initial plans for occupying Axis territory after the war. Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks While the Big Three leaders were directing the war, other efforts were moving forward to build the framework for the postwar world. In July 1944, representatives of 45 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, NH to design the postwar international monetary system. Officially dubbed the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, the meeting produced the agreements that formed the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and the International Monetary Fund. In addition, the meeting created the Bretton Woods system of exchange rate management which was used until 1971. The following month, delegates met at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, DC to begin formulating the United Nations. Key discussions included the make-up of the organization as well as the design of the Security Council. The agreements from Dumbarton Oaks were reviewed April-June 1945, at the United Nations Conference on International Organization. This meeting produced the United Nations Charter which gave birth to the modern United Nations. The Yalta Conference As the war was winding down, the Big Three met again at the Black Sea resort of Yalta from February 4-11, 1945. Each arrived at the conference with their own agenda, with Roosevelt seeking Soviet aid against Japan, Churchill demanding free elections in Eastern Europe, and Stalin desiring to create a Soviet sphere of influence. Also to be discussed were plans for the occupation of Germany. Roosevelt was able to obtain Stalins promise to enter the war with Japan within 90 days of Germanys defeat in exchange for Mongolian independence, the Kurile Islands, and part of Sakhalin Island. On the issue of Poland, Stalin demanded that the Soviet Union receive territory from their neighbor in order to create a defensive buffer zone. This was reluctantly agreed to, with Poland being compensated by moving its western border into Germany and receiving part of East Prussia. In addition, Stalin promised free elections after the war; however, this was not fulfilled. As the meeting concluded, a final plan for the occupation of Germany was agreed upon and Roosevelt obtained Stalins word that the Soviet Union would participate in the new United Nations. The Potsdam Conference The final meeting of the Big Three took place at Potsdam, Germany between July 17 and August 2, 1945. Representing the United States was new president Harry S. Truman,  who had succeeded to the office following Roosevelts death in April. Britain was initially represented by Churchill, however, he was replaced by new Prime Minister Clement Attlee following Labors victory in the 1945 general election. As before, Stalin represented the Soviet Union. The principal goals of the conference were to begin designing the postwar world, negotiating treaties, and dealing with other issues raised by the defeat of Germany. The conference largely ratified many of the decisions agreed to at Yalta and stated that the goals of the occupation of Germany would be demilitarization, denazification, democratization, and decartelization. In regards to Poland, the conference confirmed the territorial changes and gave recognition to the Soviet-backed provisional government. These decisions were made public in the Potsdam Agreement, which stipulated that all other issues would be dealt with in the final peace treaty (this was not signed until 1990). On July 26, while the conference was ongoing, Truman, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek issued the Potsdam Declaration which outlined the terms  for  Japans surrender. Occupation of the Axis Powers With the end to the war, the Allied powers began occupations of both Japan and Germany. In the Far East, US troops took possession of Japan and were aided by British Commonwealth forces in the reconstruction and demilitarization of the country. In Southeast Asia, the colonial powers returned to their former possessions, while Korea was divided at the 38th Parallel, with the Soviets in the north and the US in the south. Commanding the occupation of Japan was  General Douglas MacArthur. A gifted administrator, MacArthur oversaw the nations transition to a constitutional monarchy and the rebuilding of the Japanese economy. With the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, MacArthurs attention was diverted to the new conflict and increasingly more power was returned to the Japanese government. The occupation ended following the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty (Treaty of Peace with Japan) on September 8, 1951, which officially concluded World War II in the Pacific. In Europe, both Germany and Austria were divided into four occupation zones under American, British, French, and Soviet control. Also, the capital at Berlin was divided along similar lines. While the original occupation plan called for Germany to be ruled as a single unit through the Allied Control Council, this soon broke down as tensions rose between the Soviets and the Western Allies. As the occupation progressed the US, British, and French zones were merged into one uniformly governed area. The Cold War On June 24, 1948, the Soviets initiated the first action of the  Cold War  by shutting down all access to Western-occupied West Berlin. To combat the Berlin Blockade, the Western Allies began the  Berlin Airlift,  which transported desperately needed food and fuel to the beleaguered city. Flying for almost a year, Allied aircraft kept the city supplied until the Soviets relented in May 1949. That same month, the Western-controlled sectors were formed into the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). This was countered by the Soviets that October ​when they reconstituted their sector into the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). This coincided with their increasing control over governments in Eastern Europe. Angered by the Western Allies lack of action to prevent the Soviets from taking control, these nations referred to their abandonment as the Western Betrayal. Rebuilding As the politics of postwar Europe were taking shape, efforts were made to rebuild the continents shattered economy. In an attempt to expedite economic regrowth and ensure the survival of democratic governments, the United States allocated $13 billion to the rebuilding of Western Europe. Beginning in 1947, and known as the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan), the program ran until 1952. In both Germany and Japan, efforts were made to locate and prosecute war criminals. In Germany, the accused were tried at  Nuremberg  while in Japan the trials were held in Tokyo. As tensions rose and the Cold War began, the issue of Germany remained unresolved. Though two nations had been created from pre-war Germany, Berlin technically remained occupied and no final settlement had been concluded. For the next 45 years, Germany was on the front lines of the Cold War. It was only with the fall of the  Berlin Wall  in 1989, and the collapse of Soviet control in Eastern Europe that the final issues of the war could be resolved. In 1990, the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany was signed, reunifying Germany and officially ending World War II in Europe.

Ex3 Music Assignment answer the questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ex3 Music answer the questions - Assignment Example Sitar India idiophone it is a gourd Idiophone 13. Nay (Nai) Middle East Chordophone flute 14. Buk or Puk Korea Membranophone leather drums Short Essay 15. The only of Islam that uses music is the children’s songs. These are however considered secular though under the Islam religion. They are written in Arabic. 16. Tala is the term used to describe the rhythmic patterns of any composition and the whole subject of rhythm in the Indian classical music. A tala can also be termed as the regular repeating of a rhythmic phrase. The country that uses tala is India in classical music. 17. The three layers of Indian music are; 1. The melodic layer. This layer is made up by a melodic soloist and an accompanist. The voice is the main component of melody though other melodic instruments such as violin, vina, bansuri, nagasvaram and saxophone may be used. 2. A percussion layer. In this layer, a percussion instrument known as mridangam is used. This is double-headed drum. Tavil, tambourine, mouth trap and a clay pot are some other examples of percussion instruments that can be used to supplement mridangam. 3. The drone or scruti layer. This is the layer that is often played by specialized instruments such as tambura which is a four-stringed plucked instrument with a buzzing timber. 18. Vajrayana Buddhism is practised in India. It is considered the fifth and the final period of Indian Buddhism. 19. Some of the countries that form Zen Buddhism include; China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan. 20. The notable predecessors of Japanese Geisha were Saburuko, who had come into existence in the 17th century and the Shirabyoshi who emerged during the late Heian. 21. Nongak is a Korean folk music tradition that consists of drumming, dancing and singing. The performances are done outside, with tens of players, all in constant motion. It falls under the pungmul style of Korean music. 22. Slendro and pelog are the two oldest essential scales of gamelan music that are natives to Bali and Ja va in Indonesia. 23. King Bumibol of Thailand composes Jazz music. He is commonly referred to as â€Å"The Jazzy King†. 24. They believe that the Venus is the morning star that represents the spirits of their god Munyal that whispers to them how to dance and how to sing for each living thing. They listen to his instructions and they come as ideas. 25. Met allophone is any musical instrument in which the sound is produced by striking metal bars of varying pitches. Examples include Gangsa and Fangxiang. 26. The two Korean genres that were once Buddhist rituals are Jeongak and salpuri. Kathak dance is the Indian dance that is performed in theatres but used to be a religious dance. 27. These are the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India. Countries they were experienced include china, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. 28. It can be used to refer to leather constructed puppets theatre. These puppets are carefully chiselled and supported by buffalo horn handles and control rods. It can also be used to refer to the ancient Indonesian art of shadow play. They are found in Indonesia. 29. This is the positive thinking towards music making. Examples include Flemish far-right, multiversity, axiological and rigorous fusion. 30. Tibetan â€Å"Primordial A† is a musical album that is produced in the Tibetan language by Primordial. The album contains two discs. The first disc has eight songs and the second one has ten songs. The Chinese music follows a high level of cosmos. The lyrics of

Deception in Romantic Relations Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Deception in Romantic Relations - Dissertation Example Paterson (1996, pp. 283) noted that â€Å"students who were gaining the most satisfaction from their couple relationships w ere the least likely to conceal things from their partners by making intentionally deceptive e statements†. Nevertheless, this statement implies that relationship satisfaction leads to transparency. However, it is also possible reverse that statement arguing that couples who were more intimate and honest with each other derived more satisfaction. According to her study, except white lies, relationship satisfaction seems to be correlated with the other types of deception. Furthermore, the blatant lie w as regarded as the most dishonest. It is also very interesting to find that deception is a two-edged sword. Not only the ones who believed that their partners deceived them were unhappy; but, the ones who deceived seem also dissatisfied due to their deceptive behavior. Paterson (1996, pp. 285) stated that â€Å"When respondents ’ own self -reported f requencies of using the s ix different type s of deception were analysed individually, blatant lies, half truths, and failed deceptions were all statistically significant negative predictors of satisfaction.† The major flaw of Paterson's research is that the question with regard to the preference is biased in a sense that it asked whether the students preferred deception over fight. This question assumed only one possible motivation for deception, which is the avoidance of an argument. Thus, it was a manipulative question forcing the students to choose between argument or deception. In that sense, it was not an open-ended question exploring the possible reasons of the deceptive behaviors. Accordingly, the research actually found what it set out to find, the students lied in order to avoid argument; while it did not leave any other option to choose as their motive. The major gap of the study is also pointed out by the researcher herself, she noted that more research is needed i ncluding the samples of adults from different cultures. However, her sample must have been more varied in terms of the ages of the participants. It is even doubtful whether the university students are capable of handling truly intimate, adult and mature relations; since, they tended to date casually. Young people might have preferred to deceive in order to argue, since most of them are neither mature nor committed enough to develop conflict-resolution mechanisms as much as the older people. In fact, the title of the article should have been â€Å"Deception in Intimate relationships of the Australian Students†. Gerald R. Miller (1986) studied how several differences between impersonal and personal relationships may affect deceptive behavior in â€Å"Invited Article Fudging with Friends and Lying to Lovers: Deceptive Communication in Personal Relationships†. According to him, lies are told to resolve threats to relationship; he stressed the protective function of lies wh ile describing the motivation of lying as preserve social relationships. His account is similar to Paterson’s and probably influenced her study. However, Miller’s term of deceptive communication is misleading. Deception means a deliberate distortion of communication. Hence, â€Å"deceptive communication† sounds paradoxical and oxymoronic. In â€Å"Linking Love and Lies: A Formal Test of the Mccornack and Parks Model of Deception Detection†, Levine and McCornack(1992) tested the model developed by McCornack and Parks presented the results. The model of

Zapatista Social Netwar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Zapatista Social Netwar - Research Paper Example II. Introduction – background   The insurgency that was initiated in Chiapas, Mexico can be said to different from its old Sandinista-Castroite-Marxist-Leninist rebellion due to the transformation of its engagement from the traditional arm confrontation to the information-technology driven perspective of bringing societal change. It can also be said that this marked the era of post communism revolution that was also used as a revolutionary template in the recent uprisings in the Middle East (Armond, _____). This recent phenomena of using technology, media and NGOs in insurgency can be traced back to the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) in Mexico in the early 1990s. Chiapas, once an isolated backwater on Mexico’s southern border became the birthplace of the new template in insurgency due to the political and economic factors that made the new type of insurgency ripe. The disparity between the rich and the poor was pervasive which is typical of a feudal state, coupled with the presence of transnational NGOs and discontented indigenas (local indigenous people) who wanted better economic condition and cultural recognition set the stage for the rise of Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN). III. ... This proved to be tactically disastrous for EZLN who was less than capable to engage in conflict than the Mexican government. This â€Å"war of the fleas† model of warfare was transformed when the transnational NGOs came and changed the methods of the insurgency from the traditional armed conflict engagement to an informational warfare which is dubbed as Netwar. Should NTS "watch, fear, or be leery" of social movement networks? Its impact on NTS business. Based on the nature, characteristic and manifested action of the players of the insurgency, NTS should be leery of the social movement network. The appropriate behavior would be to be careful but not to be fearful to disengage in business. Being fearful of the social movement network or adopting the plain watch and see attitude will not benefit NTS in the immediate or in the long-term. This assessment is grounded on several reasons. First, the nature, leadership and manifested action of EZLN’s both as an organization a nd a political body is not the Marxist-Lenninist type that disdains business and foreign company. Its leadership was also composed of intellectuals and educated middle class and not the Jihadist type that has penchant to extremism. In short, EZLN’s leadership is reasonable for a business such as NTS to operate and thrive. Second, there is a strong presence of transnational NGOs composed of Mexicans, Americans and Canadian players that provide the Zapatista movement an information age perspective and reassuringly pro-business. Basically, this second component reinforces the political assessment that EZTN is reasonable for it readily shifted its engagement from

Eco3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Eco3 - Assignment Example This  results  to  higher  flowing  cash  to  cater  for the  expenses  leading  to a  better  service  delivery. The  risk  of  writing  off debts in  plan  A is  unusually  high  which may  lead  to  losses. It is  also  clear  that in,  plan  B there is a  quicker  collection  of  Average  daily  patient  revenues. This  leads  to the  optimum  maximization  of  bills  paid  in by the  customers. In  plan  B,  there  is a  higher  level  of  strictness  on  credit  policies. This may  lead  to  lower  sales  revenue  in the  company  as  compared  to  plan  A. In  plan  B, the  aging  schedule  shows  that  payments  are  made  on  time  making  it  helpful  in  determining  the  cash  flow  in the  hospital. This is an  advantage  because the  management  makes  a  decision  on  cash  available  for their  plans  and budgets. In both  plans  A and  plan  B, at the  end  of the  first  quarter, the  accounts  receivable  are the  same, but the  payments  during the  months  vary  significantly. Zelman, W. N., McCue, M. J., & Glick, N. D. (2009).  Financial management of health care organizations an introduction to fundamental tools, concepts, and applications  (3rd ed.). San Francisco:

Cold war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cold war - Essay Example In the end, both countries would end up losing if the war turned hot. This is likely why things never progressed further than they did. The Cold War officially ended in 1991. Just as there are a variety of reasons as to why the Cold War began, there are a few reasons as to why it ended. For one thing, the Soviet Union had collapsed by this time, which meant that the strength of Russia and its influence over other countries, such as Germany, was basically eliminated. In addition to their lack of influence, the Soviet Union did not have the resources to continue stockpiling weapons. Therefore, the Soviet Union had to call a â€Å"truce† with the United States, which they did during meetings between Mikhail Gorbachev, President Ronald Reagan, and, later on, President George H.W. Bush. The U.S. and the Soviet Union agreed to reduce their nuclear weapons that were set aside for war with each other. From there, the Soviet Union broke apart further, and the United States

Human resources labor relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human resources labor relations - Essay Example In other words trade unions are more powerful than the employers at present which is not good for the market. In a heavily competitive and extremely globalised market, trade unions may reduce the competitive power of the organizations. Majority of the organizations in the current world are functioning in a democratic manner and employees can directly contact their managers for establishing their rights. It is better to form a body, consisting of the representatives from both the employer and the employees to settle the employment disputes. One big union approach is definitely better than multi-union approach. The exploitation of the employees by union leaders will be reduced considerably when single union approach implemented. Majority of the trade union problems occur because of the trade union leader’s egoism. If more unions are present in an organization, each union may put different unacceptable and illogical demands to the employer to catch the attention of the employees. One of the major disadvantages of one big union concept is the possibility of more disputes inside the union because of the differences in the political beliefs of the members. In multi-union approach, members of each union may have same political ideology and therefore internal conflicts would be