photochemical smog Essay Example For Students

photochemical smog Essay Historically, the term smog referred to a mixture of smoke and fog, hence the name smog. The industrial revolution has been the central cause for the increase in pollutants in the atmosphere over the last three centuries. Before 1950, themajority of this pollution was created from the burning of coal for energy generation, space heating, cooking, and transportation. Under the right conditions, the smoke and sulfur dioxide produced from the burning of coal cancombine with fog to create industrial smog. In high concentrations, industrial smog can be extremely toxic to humans and other living organisms. London is world famous for its episodes of industrial smog. The most famous London smog event occurred in December, 1952 when five days of calm foggy weather created a toxic atmosphere that claimed about 4000 human lives. Today, the use of other fossil fuels, nuclear power, and hydroelectricity instead of coal has greatly reduced the occurrence of industrial smog. However, the burning of fossil fuels like gasoline can create another atmospheric pollution problem known as photochemical smog. Photochemical smog is a condition that develops when primary pollutants (oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds created from fossil fuel combustion) interact under the influence of sunlight to produce a mixture of hundreds of different and hazardous chemicals known as secondary pollutants. Development of photochemical smog is typically associated withSpecific climatic conditions and centers of high population density. Cities like Los Angeles, New York, Sydney, and Vancouver frequently suffer episodes of photochemical smog. One way in which the production of photochemical smog is initiated is through the photochemical reaction of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to form ozone. There are many sources of photochemical smog, including vehicle engines (the number one cause of photochemical smog), industrial emissions, and area sources (the loss of vapors from small areas such as a local service station, surface coatings and thinners, and natural gas leakage). Vehicle engines, which are extremely numerous in all parts of the world, do not completely burn the petroleum they use as fuel. This produces nitrogen dioxide which is released through the vehicle exhaust along with a high concentration ofhydrocarbons. The absorption of solar radiation by the nitrogen dioxide results in the formation of ozone (O3). Ozone reacts with many different hydrocarbons to produce a brownish-yellow gaseous cloud which may contain numerous chemicalcompounds, the combination of which, we call photochemical smog. Both types of smog can greatly reduce visibility. Even more importantly, they pose a serious threat to our health. They form as a result of extremely high concentrations of pollutants that are trapped near the surface by a temperature inversion. Many of the components which make up these smogs are not only respiratory irritants, but are also known carcinogens. There are many conditions for the development of photochemical smog:1. A source of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. 2. The time of day is a very important factor in the amount of photochemical smog present. Early morning traffic increases the emissions of both nitrogen oxides (NOx)and Peroxyacetyl Nitrates (PAN) as people drive to work. Later in the morning, traffic dies down and the nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds begin to react forming nitrogen dioxide, increasingits concentration. As the sunlight becomes more intense later in the day, nitrogen dioxide is broken down and its by-products form increasing concentrations of ozone. At the same time, some of the nitrogen dioxide can react with the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to produce toxic chemicals. As the sun goes down, the production of ozone is halted. The ozone thatremains in the atmosphere is then consumed by several different reactions. Effectiveness of Communication Arts EssayAbstract 2The Photochemical Problem in PerthThe Perth Photochemical Smog Study, a joint effort of Western Power Corporation and the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), was undertaken todetermine, for the first time, the extent to which photochemical smog had become a problem in Perth. Measurements of photochemical smog in Perths air began in 1989, at a single site in the suburb of Caversham, 15 kilometers north-east of the city center. Despite the common perception that Perth is a windy city and therefore not prone to air pollution, the first summer of measurements revealed that the city was sometimes subjected to smog levels which approached or exceeded the guidelinesrecommended by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia(NHMRC). In 1991 the State Energy Commission of Western Australia (SECWA, now Western Power Corporation) sought to extend the capacity of the gas turbine power station it operated at Pinjar, some 40 kilometers north of the Perth centralbusiness district. In view of the Caversham data, the Environmental Protection Authority expressed concern that increasing the NOx emissions at Pinjar could contribute to Perths emerging photochemical smog problem which, at that stage,was poorly defined. A consequent condition on the development at Pinjar was that SECWA undertake a study of the formation and distribution of photochemical smog in Perth, a particular outcome of which would be to determine the effect of the Pinjar powerstations emissions on smog in the region. Given the DEPs concerns and responsibility in relation to urban air quality, the Perth Photochemical Smog Study (PPSS) was developed as a jointly operatedand managed project, funded by SECWA and with DEP contributing facilities andscientific expertise. The primary objective of the Perth Photochemical Smog Study was to measure, for the first time, the magnitude and distribution of photochemical smogconcentrations experienced in the Perth region and to assess these against Australian and international standards, with consideration given to health and other environmental effects. The studys monitoring and data analysis program was very successful in defining the distribution of Perths smog. The Perth region experience photochemical. smog during the warmer months of each year. On average, during the three year period July 1992 to June 1995, there have been 10 days per year on which the peak hourly ozone concentration exceeded 80 parts per billion (ppb) somewhere over the Perth region.

Bill French Case free essay sample

1. What are the assumptions implicit in Bill French’s determination of his company’s break-even point? He has assumed that there is only one break-even point for the firm’s three products by taking the average. Labor Union will not affect the product prices no effect on the break-even analysis. Constant dividends were given to stockholders. Production of product â€Å"A† will be decreased and the other hand product â€Å"C† capacity will be increased. Sales price will be constant. 2. On the basis of French’s revised information, what does next year look-like: a. What is the break-even point? Break-even point for product â€Å"C† is 354,545. 45 and overall is 1,035,688. 31. b. What level of operations must be achieved to pay the extra dividend, ignoring union demands? In order to pay the 50% extra dividend and to retain $150,000 profit the firm needs $600,000 profit after taxes and because half of the profit goes through the government the firm needs profit before taxes of ,200,000. We will write a custom essay sample on Bill French Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page c. What level of operations must be achieved to meet the union demands, ignoring break-even points? FC + Union Demands/Unit Contribution to Sales Union Demands = (6,750,000 x10%) = 675,000 2,970,000 + 675,000/. 375 $9,720,000 d. What level of operations must be achieved to meet both dividends and expected union requirements? FC + Target Dividend + Union Demands/Unit Contribution to Sales 2,970,000 + 450,000= (300,000(300,00050%) +675,000/. 375 $10,920,000 3. Can the break-even analysis help the company decide whether to alter the existing product emphasis? What can the company afford to invest for additional â€Å"c† capacity? Considering per unit dollar contribution of product â€Å"C† to â€Å"A† is higher, the other factor is sales. And variable income to sales price is higher than C compensated by its lower sales. Increase in production of product â€Å"c† must not incur $300,000 of cost. 4. Calculate each of the three products’ break-even points using the data in exhibit 3. Why is the sum of these three volumes not equal to the 1,100,000 units’ aggregate break-even volume? It’s different because each of the products has different contribution margins, fixed cost, and volume sales. 5. Is this type of analysis of any value? For what it can be used? It allows differentiation of profits especially if the business is not engaged only on a single product. It helps business to identify how much still they have to sell/hurdle to earn profit. A tool that may help an entity set its sales or production target.

High School Argument Essay Sample

High School Argument Essay SampleIt is always a good idea to find a sample argument essay that is relevant to your future college papers. And since you are taking an advanced or honors course you might want to consider using the essay sample that is written for college students.A high school Google Doc will not only give you access to various topics that you can use to write a high school essay but it will also give you a preview of how to structure the paper and also show you how to structure your argument. It is easy to get into the mood of writing because it has an attractive design. And it is all contained in the screen so you can easily refer to it.The first of the four paragraphs beginning with the title should be as much as you can provide. This will give you a very good introduction to the topic of the paper. You need to talk about the main idea of the argument that you will use and then describe how you intend to make it sound convincing.The next paragraph should start with an analysis of the first paragraph and give a brief summary of what you think the article was saying. When your paragraph ends there should be a question mark and a period to the right of it. This is the most important part of your argument and needs to make a strong point that will persuade the reader.After the paragraph you need to include a conclusion. It is important to do this to make it look convincing and this will also help your writing when you are editing the paper. And you can move on to the next paragraph using the first paragraph as a guide.In the first paragraph use lots of examples to illustrate your point. This will also help you write effectively and give you a better understanding of what you are talking about. You need to be patient in this section and once you get your point across and the reader is persuaded you can go on to the next paragraph.If you are looking for a sample argument essay for high school you can download it from the website of the National Coun cil of Teachers of English. To use it just sign up and you will receive the sample automatically. It has a lovely design and is very easy to use.

The use of narrative in film Essay Example For Students

The use of narrative in film Essay The use of Narrative in film and other forms of media is commonplace; it has become such that the media viewer has not only come to expect it but rely on it somewhat. There are two elements in narrative film today that combine in the engaging of the audience; story and production elements. One example in the Australian film industry of the use of production and story elements in such a way as to engage the audiences attention is the film Two Hands. The film Two Hands was directed in 1999 by Gregor Jordan, a then virtual nobody. The film boasts an all-Australian cast and is full of Australian humor and irony. It is a film that was loved by critics and the public alike and has been affectionately dubbed The Australian answer to Lock Stock and Two Smoking Barrels. The film isnt your standard linear narrative in the sense that the beginning, middle and end dont necessarily go in that order. We will write a custom essay on The use of narrative in film specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the film the lead character Jim (Heath Ledger) gets himself mixed up with Pando (Brian Brown) and his gang of Kings Cross thugs when $10,000 of Pandos money goes missing, money that Jim had been given to deliver. Jim is then forced to rob a bank in a desperate attempt to replace Pandos money however he still manages to fall in love with the sister of one of his friends, Alex (Rose Byrne). The opening sequence to the film establishes through both Production and story elements the following:By showing us the characters of Pando and his gang in what appears to be a secluded section of scrub late at night, holding a bloodied and bruised Jim at gun point sets the scene for the genre of film we are about to see. The lighting, more accurately the lack of proper lighting, further implies that the people we are seeing arent your average clean-cut businessmen; as the majority of this lighting is being provided by a handheld flashlight. The dialogue in this scene is the most helpful in terms of establishing the storylines and grabbing the attention of the viewer. We learn that Jim owes Pando $10,000 for which he will soon be killed, we learn that Jim will give Pando $15.000 if he lets him go (â€Å"Im doing a job tomorrow. Let me go and Ill give you 15), we learn that Pando is willing to give Jim a chance by letting him try 013, and that Pando really doesnt want to have to kill him but it seems like he has little choice (sorry Jimmy). The next section of the opening sequence takes us back to what is seemingly the beginning of the film, to the heart of Kings Cross. Jim is standing out the front of a strip joint with a friend of his. It seems the two are employed by the club to entice male passer-buyers into the club. Through their dialogue the viewer can deduce that Jim intends on doing some work for someone name Pando, who incidentally is someone you dont want to get mixed up with. The viewer may also conclude that Jim is unhappy with his current line of work and wishes to move up through the Kings Cross ‘hierarchy, so to speak, by doing this job. During this scene Jims relationship with Pando and Alex are established, or re-established in the case of Pando. Jims first impressions of Alex, an Alexs first impressions of Jim are evident through the production elements involved. Through the use of cuts between and the visual composition of the shots of the pair it is shown to the viewer that these two fancy each other at first glance. The shots cut from a shot of Alex looking at Jim then looking away when Jim notices, to a shot of Jim looking at Alex and giving a smile when he realizes she was looking at him. For the most part of the establishment of their relationship they will be on opposite sides of the screen to each other when filmed in close up. When this is used and with cuts between the two, the viewer is able to further associate them as a couple. .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52 , .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52 .postImageUrl , .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52 , .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52:hover , .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52:visited , .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52:active { border:0!important; } .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52:active , .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52 .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u967eee286c26f9b275d2581508560c52:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Salem Witch Trials Essay PaperAdversely when Jim meets Pando in this scene the emphasis is on how different they both are to each other. Pandos car, the first time we see him in The Cross, slowly moves past the camera stopping at the front passenger seat window to the sound of heavy metal music. The camera is low down, looking up at the face of Pando who slightly pauses for effect before speaking. Jim moves toward the car and bends respectfully to speak into the open window. The sounds we can hear are those of the running engine when Pando first arrives and the conversation between he and Pando afterwards. Through introducing the viewer to the characters of Pando and Jim and the idea of the missing $10,000 it not only interests the viewer in watching on in order to find out what happens to Jim or how he got into the situation in the first place, it effectively gives more meaning to the following scene. The events of the following sequence are intended to further interest the viewer into watching the remainder of the film. The main contributor to this is the storyline elements yet to be resolved/further explored. The closing sequence, for the purpose of this essay can be said to be from the time Jim walks through the corridor into Pando’s office until the credits. A lot of the closing sequence is directly linked to the opening sequence in such a way that unless the middle has been left out a lot of the imagery goes unnoticed. The most obvious example of imagery in this sequence is the angle at which the camera is looking at Jim when he walks into the corridor leading into Pando’s office. The camera is on the floor looking up at Jim as he walks giving him a look of height and of being in a position of power. This is a direct contradiction to the opening sequence in which Jim is being held at gunpoint and the camera is looking up at Pando who is clearly in the position of authority. Jim, having gotten the money is now in the position that the viewer has been anticipating the whole movie. Another feature of this particular scene that conjures up the image of power and control is the music playing in the background. The music is loud, brassy, big-band-type music and it is such that it adds to the effect that the camera work is providing. Once in the office Jim is instantly pounced upon by Pando’s men. The following minute or so is a struggle between Jim and Acko, one of Pando’s men. In the struggle Jim is trying to get the $10,000 from down the front of his pants while Acko is trying to strangle Jim with the cord from the telephone. The scene consists of numerous almost instantaneous cuts between the faces of Jim, Acko, Pando and the rest of his gang. This scene is quick and is a prime example of production elements being used to draw the viewer into the film. After Jim has returned the money not only have the attitudes of Pando and his men completely been reversed, but all of the storyline elements from the opening sequence that were left unanswered have now been explored if not resolved. The next scene, the scene after Jim returns to his apartment and is seen at the airport with Alex is another example of storyline elements being resolved. The way in which the pair were portrayed in the Kings Cross scene implied that their relationship in the film would be more than just friends. The assumptions from the scene in the cross made by the viewer have been developed as the movie progressed. .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768 , .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768 .postImageUrl , .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768 , .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768:hover , .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768:visited , .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768:active { border:0!important; } .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768:active , .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768 .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub6748e33966353b89fb594b335737768:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pop Culture WarsReligion The Role of Enterta EssayTo conclude I would simply like to add that all the things I have been talking about have been purposefully put into the film. None of these things have been done so accidentally as it was the Director, Gregor Jordan’s intention to make the viewer more interested through incorporating the aforementioned combination of Production and Story elements. Bibliography:

Decisions can change everything

Decisions can change everything Free Online Research Papers Life is about making decisions, some can lead to positive outcomes or negative consequences. A decision is a choice one makes to reach a final conclusion, one that can change outcomes like the path of life. On a daily basis one makes different kind of decisions, careless ones or more important ones; some can even be able to define life and its future. These decisions are always up to you but can be easily influenced by many factors. The level of pressure towards one choice has to do with the age as well, the younger the person, the less amount of â€Å"life† knowledge that the person has. Adults can defend themselves better than younger people, that is why teenagers can be easily influenced by society’s ethics and family’s beliefs versus what they think for themselves. Teenagers have a harder time at making decision since they are highly influenced by different factors. Society’s ethics are the beliefs that state the difference between right and wrong. They are the differences between what society approves and disapproves; this can be tested in several ways. As stated in the Allphilosophy website,† Right or wrong is relative. It is defined by the principles we share in common. The principles we share in common are the principles we subscribe to and are the principles that bind us.† These principals are taught to us in the different stages of life, but apart from that can be corrupted in a way by the diverse pressure surrounding us. One’s decision is life is influenced by ethics, for example, ethics declare that drugs are illegal. An EL PAIS article talks about a family with a teenage daughter, she is put into a â€Å"society’s ethics† situation. Her parents have been growing marijuana in the basement of her house and she is awake of it; she is between the right and wrong concept. In her situation she knows and has learned that her parent’s actions are illegal and for this reason she decides to turn them in. Her parents had important job positions in the United States, but their insensible decision combined with the daughter’s right move was the reason why they were sued. In this example, the daughter was clearly influenced by society’s rules and perfectly knew the differentiation between what is right and what is wrong in society. A conclusion by an adolescent can depend on various aspects; society can be one and normally leads the person to do the right thing. Family is the group of people that will always be there for you, even if the situation is harsh no one can eliminate that love that goes around, they will help you out and be by your side if everyone else leaves you aside. Among the different stages of life, the family teaches you vales and basically the way of living life. When one reaches the teenage part of life, family and parents have had a huge amount of influence and normally your actions and decisions you make are reflected on the way they have done it. Since they are the examples you follow and even make choices for you, the most common would be having the teenager turn out like them. In some cases, the family values contradict those of society; an example of this is clear in the story â€Å"The Barn Burning†, where the father is corrupted but it doesn’t influence the rest of the family’s decision. The fact that the father goes from town to town burning barns teaches the son a lesson. He does realize th at it is against the law and ethics but decides to stick to his father, not because he is right but because he is all he has. This is demonstrated when the son says: â€Å"I could run away on and on and never look back, never need to see his face again. Only I can’t.† the son could just run away but as he, himself thinks about later on, they are blood and blood should stick together at all time. In this case he son knows that he doesn’t want to turn out like his father but also values family, which complicates his decisions in life. As shown above, society and family are normally the two most influential factors, but the most dangerous one is the evolving mind of a teenager. Once a kid enters the teenager stage of life they become self center and think that they have some sort of â€Å"personal magic†. An adolescent normally only thinks about themselves and wants to experiment new things, this highly influences a decision in life; they tend to loose trust towards others and feel that nobody has felt their pain or love. Those symptoms and emotions can persuade some teens to react in a negative way. Another factor that can have a large amount of pressure on decision making is the â€Å"personal magic† that teens tend to think they own. By this, it would mean that in their point of view, no harm in any way can occur to them. A perfect example for it would be that many teenage girls have the possibility of being pregnant but not the one that thinks so, since she has that personal magic in her. The teen ager brain is not fully evolved at that age, and that is why the thoughts and false believes can also affect a decision made by an adolescent. In conclusion, there are many factors that affect the decision making of a teenager, the three main ones discussed are society’s ethics, family’s beliefs and the developing brain of a teenager as well. Decisions can be very important, specially since some are even life changing and that is why they have to be made carefully and in the right atmosphere, with no negative influence surrounding. Work sited Del Pino, Javier. Hay un Monton de droga encase. EL PAIS. 1998. Faulkner, William. Barn Burning. 1939. University of New Hampshire. Family Developing Fact Sheet. http://allphilosophy.com/topic/2048 Research Papers on Decisions can change everythingCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

The Adoration of The Shepherds by Hugo Van Der Goes Essay

The Adoration of The Shepherds by Hugo Van Der Goes - Essay Example One shepherd is happy to see the child and pious, the second one is just curious while the third one has some sort of suspicion or confusion regarding the whole incident (Van Der Goes). In this way, and also reflected in the dressing the shepherds in very shepherd-like clothes, the painter has tried to make his painting as close to reality as possible (Van Der Goes). The appearances of these three shepherds are summarized by Kleiner as â€Å"lined faces, work-worn hands and uncouth dress and (a) manner (that) seem immediately familiar† (408). The sheaf of wheat on the floor is another nuance added to the painting to have a realistic effect. The presence of the two cows in the picture has also reinforced the realistic tradition of this picture. Altogether, the picture can said to be anchored in realism and drawing resources also from emotionalism and symbolism to enrich that realism or to add a new divine dimension to that. The minute detailing in the depiction of drapery, the flowers, and the animals are another dimension of the realism inherent to this painting. The expressions of the people present in the scene, including that of the Virgin, attribute a high degree of emotionalism to the painting. Mary’s face is full of sorrow as if she is aware of the agonies that future has in store for this child (Van Der Goes). She is looking at the child with great pity. And the angels also have a similar kind of expression (Van Der Goes). The emaciated appearance of the child adds to the pathos of the scene. Even one cow in the cowshed is looking at the child with great sadness. Thus there is the presence of a divine foresight in the scene; a premonition of kind (Kleiner, 408). On the contrary, the shepherds are showing more mundane emotions and are balancing the sadness of the scene with a matter of fact presence (Van Der Goes). Also it can be seen that in this painting, emotionalism is used in a complementary manner to add on to realism. This is a technique which is counted as very effective, as emotions always add intensity to the realness o f the situation. Many symbolic elements are also present in this painting. The blue colored dress that Mary is wearing is suggestive of a great expanse of sadness that surrounds the story of Jesus. Blue can also be seen as a color of compassion and repentance. It is the color of eternal peace that can only be achieved through salvation. In this way, Mary of this painting has personified the essence of the message of Jesus Christ. Here it can be seen that emotionalism and symbolism have a mutually supplementing relationship. Depiction of the child lying on the ground rather than in a crib, with a golden aureole surrounding him, is symbolic of two things- his ability to walk among the downtrodden, and his divinity (Van Der Goes). The sheaf of wheat on the floor has been interpreted by art critics as symbolic of Bethlehem (Kleiner, 408). This is so because, the meaning of the word, Bethlehem is ‘house of bread’, in Hebrew (Kleiner, 408). From common knowledge, it can be as sumed that the orange lilies offered to the child are symbolic of passion and the white irises of purity. In religious terms, the purple irises as well as the columbine stalks have been considered as representative of the seven sorrows of the virgin (Kleiner, 408). The fifteen angels seen together inside this painting along with the two supporting paintings of Portinari altarpiece, have been conside

The Rational Consumer Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Rational Consumer - Personal Statement Example The alternative I have for buying gasoline is use of other types of fuels and public means of transport. However, in substituting these alternatives with buying gasoline, I must incur an opportunity cost. According to Hussain (2010), an opportunity cost is the cost incurred when one turns from using a product to using its best alternative. In this particular case, the opportunity cost for buying gasoline is the inconvenience of using public means of transport and engine malfunctions due to use of other fuels. Due to this opportunity cost, I will not be able to turn to zero consumption in the short run. However, I might later turn to zero consumption by acquiring an engine specifically made to use other fuels. In the short run, when the price of gasoline increases, the expenses on other goods will increase especially for substitute of gasoline. The reason for this is substitution effect. Substitution effect is the relative change in consumption of a product as consumers substitute it with cheaper substitutes (Hirschey, 2008). As the price of gasoline increases, I would substitute it with its cheaper alternatives and thus the income I spend on those other goods would